Pcie Device Remapping <Firefox High-Quality>

cat /sys/kernel/debug/iommu/intel/translation_table Or for AMD:

Rare in consumer gear, common in large SMP/NUMA systems. The root complex can reassign Bus/Device/Function numbers to balance interrupt loads or isolate devices to specific CPU sockets. pcie device remapping

If you’ve ever run lspci on a Linux server or checked Device Manager after a BIOS update, you might have seen your NVMe drive or GPU move from bus: 00:01.0 to bus: 00:06.0 . Nothing physically changed—but the PCIe topology appears altered. When a device issues a read/write, it uses

This is the big one. A PCIe device can cache virtual-to-physical address translations. When a device issues a read/write, it uses an IO Virtual Address (IOVA) . The IOMMU behind the root port remaps that IOVA to a host physical address. From the device’s perspective, its memory window moved. From the CPU’s perspective, the device is now pointing to a different physical RAM location. From the CPU’s perspective

#!/bin/bash for d in $(find /sys/kernel/iommu_groups/* -type l | sort); do echo "Group $(basename $d):" ls -l $d/devices/ | awk 'print $11' done See remapping stats: